RARE SIGHT--Female cougar designated P4, above, died in late 2004 within two weeks of P3, a male. Biologists attributed both deaths to ingestion of anticoagulant, an ingredient in rodent poison. Mountain lions are an impor- tant part of the ecology in the wilderness surrounding local cities, but in recent years the sur- vival of the majestic cat has been challenged by urban encroach- ment.

National Park Service biolo- gists tracking eight local cougars say five of them have died.

One factor they blame is the use of rat poisons containing an- ticoagulants.

Mountain lions ingest the toxin by preying on coyotes that have eaten poisoned rodents, said Ventura County Supervisor Linda Parks. Parks has encour- aged the county park department to stop using pest control formu- las that contain anticoagulants.

A young pair of lions desig- nated P3 and P4 lived in the hills around Simi Valley and Moorpark between 2003 and 2004 and died within two weeks of each other from internal bleeding caused by anticoagu- lant used in rat poison, said bi- ologists. The poison was be- lieved to have originated in small mammals eaten by the cougars.

Small cuts and scrapes can become serious when blood doesn't clot, and that is appar- ently how the cats died, said Raymond Sauvajot, chief of planning, science and resource management for the Santa Monica Mountains Recreation Area.

Local park officials have been studying a family of cou- gars in the rugged 250-square- mile recreation area.

The dominant male, P1, is 9 years old. He weighs about 140 pounds and in 2002 was tagged with a transmitter collar so that biologists could track his where- abouts.

P1 mated with P2, the only female known to live in the area. She produced four healthy kit- tens in July of last year. The male killed the adult female ear- lier this year. P2 was in heat and probably acting to protect her kittens, which were nearby, said Woody Smeck, superintendent of the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. She died from wounds to her head.

A necropsy also showed the presence of anticoagulant in the cat's liver, but the level was not high enough to cause death, said the biologists.

About three months ago, P1 killed again. This time the tar- get was P6, one of the young cats sired by P1. Biologists aren't en- tirely sure why P1 killed the 15- month-old lioness; males usu- ally share territory with females. But since males don't help raise their kittens, P1 probably didn't recognize P6 as his offspring. "It's possible that P1 was at- tempting to mate and the en- counter turned fatal," Smeck said. P6 died from fatal puncture wounds. Anticoagulant traces were also found in her liver.

Most recently, the dominant male killed another one of his kittens when he crossed paths with the young male, P5, in Point Mugu State Park.

Biologists suspect the older male was defending his territory. Lethal puncture wounds were found on P5's head.

The two surviving juveniles, P7, a female that occupies a stretch of rocky terrain just south of Hidden Valley, and P8, a male that lives in the Topanga Canyon to 405 Freeway vicin- ity, are both about 16 months old and they're primarily feeding on mule deer.

For now, P8 is staying away from P1's territory in the east- ern portions of the territory but there is some overlap and park officials expect that an encoun- ter between the two is likely at some point.

But P1 is now quite old and another male will eventually re- place him, said Smeck.

Room to roam

Despite the grim recent his- tory of the local cougar family, park officials are still cautiously optimistic that mountain lions can persist in the Santa Monica Mountains provided connecting corridors are preserved.

While there may be "oppor- tunity crossings" along the 101 Freeway, the Liberty Canyon wildlife corridor in Agoura Hills is the best avenue for animals heading north.

Segments of open space in the Santa Susana Mountains have also been identified as criti- cal pathways.

NPS biologists have tracked a variety of mammals moving across the freeway using the Liberty Canyon underpass and they hope P8 will do the same, safely avoiding the dominant P1.

Liberty Canyon is the last best option for connectivity in the central Santa Monica Moun- tains, but another good option exists in the western Santa Monicas along the Conejo Grade, Sauvajot said.

Cougars need habitat connec- tivity to survive, he said. There's simply not enough space in the local mountains to support a vi- able mountain lion population over the long term. The moun- tains must be connected by path- ways to habitats to the north.

But if lions continue to be- have "naturally," eating deer and staying away from people, they are reproducing, and they can find and use movement corridors near developments and across roads to disperse through the challenging landscape, they will survive, Sauvajot said.

"We don't have information on locations of lions in the Simi Hills or Santa Susana Moun- tains, but it is very likely that li- ons are present in those areas," Smeck said.

There could also be other males in the vicinity of the young female in the Santa Monica Mountains, but biolo- gists have not found tracks or evidence to date, they said.

Hazardous prey

"Mountain lions are an im- portant part of the ecology of our nearby hills," said Smeck.

They occupy the top of the food web and they help to main- tain the ecological balance. Cou- gars' primary prey is mule deer but they are also known to eat coyotes, raccoons and other small animals.

Cougars hunt at night and rarely move around during the day. But when the hunt is suc- cessful and they eat their prey, lions also may get a dose of rat poison, which can be lethal.

Residents are the largest us- ers of anticoagulant poisons (such as D-Con, which has bromadiolone and brodifacoum anticoagulants) and some pub- lic agencies still use them. Parks is working to prohibit the use of such products.

Other pest control measures are available, including gas and traps, that do not contain anti- coagulants. Owl boxes can also be used to encourage the birds, which prey on rodents, to move into an area, said Parks.